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automaticGrouping; currentKernel; ] :[font = input; initialization; preserveAspect] *) $Post:=If[MatrixQ[#],MatrixForm[#],#]& (* :[font = input; initialization; preserveAspect] *) Exercise 3.2.1 (* :[font = input; initialization; preserveAspect; startGroup] *) A=Table[If[i==j,i+j-1,i+j+1],{i,5},{j,5}] (* :[font = output; output; inactive; preserveAspect; endGroup] MatrixForm[{{1, 4, 5, 6, 7}, {4, 3, 6, 7, 8}, {5, 6, 5, 8, 9}, {6, 7, 8, 7, 10}, {7, 8, 9, 10, 9}}] ;[o] 1 4 5 6 7 4 3 6 7 8 5 6 5 8 9 6 7 8 7 10 7 8 9 10 9 :[font = input; initialization; preserveAspect; startGroup] *) lambda=x/.Solve[Det[x*IdentityMatrix[5]-A]==0,x] (* :[font = output; output; inactive; preserveAspect; endGroup] {-2, -2, -2, (31 - 5*57^(1/2))/2, (31 + 5*57^(1/2))/2} ;[o] 31 - 5 Sqrt[57] 31 + 5 Sqrt[57] {-2, -2, -2, ---------------, ---------------} 2 2 :[font = input; initialization; preserveAspect; startGroup] *) ES[1]=NullSpace[lambda[[1]]IdentityMatrix[5]-A] (* :[font = output; output; inactive; preserveAspect; endGroup] MatrixForm[{{3, -4, 0, 0, 1}, {2, -3, 0, 1, 0}, {1, -2, 1, 0, 0}}] ;[o] 3 -4 0 0 1 2 -3 0 1 0 1 -2 1 0 0 :[font = input; initialization; preserveAspect; startGroup] *) ES[2]=Together[NullSpace[lambda[[4]]IdentityMatrix[5]-A]] (* :[font = output; output; inactive; preserveAspect; endGroup] MatrixForm[{{(3*(-491 + 65*57^(1/2)))/ (-2589 + 343*57^(1/2)), (8*(-219 + 29*57^(1/2)))/(-2589 + 343*57^(1/2)), (-2031 + 269*57^(1/2))/(-2589 + 343*57^(1/2)), (6*(-385 + 51*57^(1/2)))/(-2589 + 343*57^(1/2)), 1}}] ;[o] 3 (-491 + 65 Sqrt[57]) 8 (-219 + 29 Sqrt[57]) ---------------------- ---------------------- -2589 + 343 Sqrt[57] -2589 + 343 Sqrt[57] -2031 + 269 Sqrt[57] 6 (-385 + 51 Sqrt[57]) -------------------- ---------------------- -2589 + 343 Sqrt[57] -2589 + 343 Sqrt[57] 1 :[font = input; initialization; preserveAspect; startGroup] *) ES[3]=Together[NullSpace[lambda[[5]]IdentityMatrix[5]-A]] (* :[font = output; output; inactive; preserveAspect; endGroup] MatrixForm[{{(3*(491 + 65*57^(1/2)))/(2589 + 343*57^(1/2)), (8*(219 + 29*57^(1/2)))/(2589 + 343*57^(1/2)), (2031 + 269*57^(1/2))/(2589 + 343*57^(1/2)), (6*(385 + 51*57^(1/2)))/(2589 + 343*57^(1/2)), 1}}] ;[o] 3 (491 + 65 Sqrt[57]) 8 (219 + 29 Sqrt[57]) --------------------- --------------------- 2589 + 343 Sqrt[57] 2589 + 343 Sqrt[57] 2031 + 269 Sqrt[57] 6 (385 + 51 Sqrt[57]) ------------------- --------------------- 2589 + 343 Sqrt[57] 2589 + 343 Sqrt[57] 1 :[font = input; initialization; preserveAspect] *) With Mathematica rendering 5 linearly independent eigenvectors for A, we now know it is diagonalizable and we can build the diagonalizing matrix. (* :[font = input; initialization; preserveAspect; startGroup] *) P=Transpose[Join[ES[1],ES[2],ES[3]]] (* :[font = output; output; inactive; preserveAspect; endGroup] MatrixForm[{{3, 2, 1, (3*(-491 + 65*57^(1/2)))/ (-2589 + 343*57^(1/2)), (3*(491 + 65*57^(1/2)))/(2589 + 343*57^(1/2))}, {-4, -3, -2, (8*(-219 + 29*57^(1/2)))/ (-2589 + 343*57^(1/2)), (8*(219 + 29*57^(1/2)))/(2589 + 343*57^(1/2))}, {0, 0, 1, (-2031 + 269*57^(1/2))/(-2589 + 343*57^(1/2)), (2031 + 269*57^(1/2))/(2589 + 343*57^(1/2))}, {0, 1, 0, (6*(-385 + 51*57^(1/2)))/ (-2589 + 343*57^(1/2)), (6*(385 + 51*57^(1/2)))/(2589 + 343*57^(1/2))}, {1, 0, 0, 1, 1}}] ;[o] 3 2 3 (-491 + 65 Sqrt[57]) ---------------------- 1 -2589 + 343 Sqrt[57] 3 (491 + 65 Sqrt[57]) --------------------- 2589 + 343 Sqrt[57] -4 -3 8 (-219 + 29 Sqrt[57]) ---------------------- -2 -2589 + 343 Sqrt[57] 8 (219 + 29 Sqrt[57]) --------------------- 2589 + 343 Sqrt[57] 0 0 -2031 + 269 Sqrt[57] -------------------- 1 -2589 + 343 Sqrt[57] 2031 + 269 Sqrt[57] ------------------- 2589 + 343 Sqrt[57] 0 1 6 (-385 + 51 Sqrt[57]) ---------------------- 0 -2589 + 343 Sqrt[57] 6 (385 + 51 Sqrt[57]) --------------------- 2589 + 343 Sqrt[57] 1 0 0 1 1 :[font = input; initialization; preserveAspect] *) Result check: (* :[font = input; initialization; preserveAspect; startGroup] *) Together[Inverse[P].A.P] (* :[font = output; output; inactive; preserveAspect; endGroup] MatrixForm[{{-2, 0, 0, 0, 0}, {0, -2, 0, 0, 0}, {0, 0, -2, 0, 0}, {0, 0, 0, (-285 + 31*57^(1/2))/(2*57^(1/2)), 0}, {0, 0, 0, 0, (285 + 31*57^(1/2))/(2*57^(1/2))}}] ;[o] -2 0 0 0 0 0 -2 0 0 0 0 0 -2 0 0 0 0 -285 + 31 Sqrt[57] ------------------ 0 2 Sqrt[57] 0 0 0 0 0 285 + 31 Sqrt[57] ----------------- 2 Sqrt[57] :[font = input; initialization; preserveAspect] *) Exercise 3.2.2 (* :[font = input; initialization; preserveAspect; startGroup] *) A=Table[If[i>j,1,0],{i,4},{j,4}] (* :[font = output; output; inactive; preserveAspect; endGroup] MatrixForm[{{0, 0, 0, 0}, {1, 0, 0, 0}, {1, 1, 0, 0}, {1, 1, 1, 0}}] ;[o] 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 1 1 0 0 1 1 1 0 :[font = input; initialization; preserveAspect; startGroup] *) lambda=x/.Solve[Det[x*IdentityMatrix[4]-A]==0,x] (* :[font = output; output; inactive; preserveAspect; endGroup] {0, 0, 0, 0} ;[o] {0, 0, 0, 0} :[font = input; initialization; preserveAspect; startGroup] *) ES[1]=NullSpace[lambda[[1]]IdentityMatrix[4]-A] (* :[font = output; output; inactive; preserveAspect; endGroup] MatrixForm[{{0, 0, 0, 1}}] ;[o] 0 0 0 1 :[font = input; initialization; preserveAspect] *) There is only one eigenvector (4 needed), so this matrix is NOT diagonalizable. (* :[font = input; initialization; preserveAspect] *) Exercise 3.2.3 (* :[font = input; initialization; preserveAspect; startGroup] *) A=Table[If[i==j,2,1],{i,5},{j,5}] (* :[font = output; output; inactive; preserveAspect; endGroup] MatrixForm[{{2, 1, 1, 1, 1}, {1, 2, 1, 1, 1}, {1, 1, 2, 1, 1}, {1, 1, 1, 2, 1}, {1, 1, 1, 1, 2}}] ;[o] 2 1 1 1 1 1 2 1 1 1 1 1 2 1 1 1 1 1 2 1 1 1 1 1 2 :[font = input; initialization; preserveAspect; startGroup] *) lambda=x/.Solve[Det[x*IdentityMatrix[5]-A]==0,x] (* :[font = output; output; inactive; preserveAspect; endGroup] {1, 1, 1, 1, 6} ;[o] {1, 1, 1, 1, 6} :[font = input; initialization; preserveAspect; startGroup] *) ES[1]=NullSpace[lambda[[1]]IdentityMatrix[5]-A] (* :[font = output; output; inactive; preserveAspect; endGroup] MatrixForm[{{-1, 0, 0, 0, 1}, {-1, 0, 0, 1, 0}, {-1, 0, 1, 0, 0}, {-1, 1, 0, 0, 0}}] ;[o] -1 0 0 0 1 -1 0 0 1 0 -1 0 1 0 0 -1 1 0 0 0 :[font = input; initialization; preserveAspect; startGroup] *) ES[2]=NullSpace[lambda[[5]]IdentityMatrix[5]-A] (* :[font = output; output; inactive; preserveAspect; endGroup] MatrixForm[{{1, 1, 1, 1, 1}}] ;[o] 1 1 1 1 1 :[font = input; initialization; preserveAspect] *) Diagonalizable (5 linearly independent eigenvectors). (* :[font = input; initialization; preserveAspect; startGroup] *) P=Transpose[Join[ES[1],ES[2]]] (* :[font = output; output; inactive; preserveAspect; endGroup] MatrixForm[{{-1, -1, -1, -1, 1}, {0, 0, 0, 1, 1}, {0, 0, 1, 0, 1}, {0, 1, 0, 0, 1}, {1, 0, 0, 0, 1}}] ;[o] -1 -1 -1 -1 1 0 0 0 1 1 0 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 0 1 1 0 0 0 1 :[font = input; initialization; preserveAspect] *) Result check: (* :[font = input; initialization; preserveAspect; startGroup] *) Inverse[P].A.P (* :[font = output; output; inactive; preserveAspect; endGroup] MatrixForm[{{1, 0, 0, 0, 0}, {0, 1, 0, 0, 0}, {0, 0, 1, 0, 0}, {0, 0, 0, 1, 0}, {0, 0, 0, 0, 6}}] ;[o] 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 6 :[font = input; initialization; preserveAspect] *) Exercise 3.2.4 (* :[font = input; initialization; preserveAspect; startGroup] *) A=Table[i+j-1,{i,4},{j,4}] (* :[font = output; output; inactive; preserveAspect; endGroup] MatrixForm[{{1, 2, 3, 4}, {2, 3, 4, 5}, {3, 4, 5, 6}, {4, 5, 6, 7}}] ;[o] 1 2 3 4 2 3 4 5 3 4 5 6 4 5 6 7 :[font = input; initialization; preserveAspect; startGroup] *) lambda=x/.Solve[Det[x*IdentityMatrix[4]-A]==0,x] (* :[font = output; output; inactive; preserveAspect; endGroup] {0, 0, (16 - 4*21^(1/2))/2, (16 + 4*21^(1/2))/2} ;[o] 16 - 4 Sqrt[21] 16 + 4 Sqrt[21] {0, 0, ---------------, ---------------} 2 2 :[font = input; initialization; preserveAspect; startGroup] *) ES[1]=NullSpace[lambda[[1]]IdentityMatrix[4]-A] (* :[font = output; output; inactive; preserveAspect; endGroup] MatrixForm[{{2, -3, 0, 1}, {1, -2, 1, 0}}] ;[o] 2 -3 0 1 1 -2 1 0 :[font = input; initialization; preserveAspect; startGroup] *) ES[2]=Together[NullSpace[lambda[[3]]IdentityMatrix[4]-A]] (* :[font = output; output; inactive; preserveAspect; endGroup] MatrixForm[{{(-13 + 3*21^(1/2))/(2*(-14 + 3*21^(1/2))), (-9 + 2*21^(1/2))/(-14 + 3*21^(1/2)), (-23 + 5*21^(1/2))/(2*(-14 + 3*21^(1/2))), 1}}] ;[o] -13 + 3 Sqrt[21] -9 + 2 Sqrt[21] -------------------- ---------------- 2 (-14 + 3 Sqrt[21]) -14 + 3 Sqrt[21] -23 + 5 Sqrt[21] -------------------- 2 (-14 + 3 Sqrt[21]) 1 :[font = input; initialization; preserveAspect; startGroup] *) ES[3]=Together[NullSpace[lambda[[4]]IdentityMatrix[4]-A]] (* :[font = output; output; inactive; preserveAspect; endGroup] MatrixForm[{{(13 + 3*21^(1/2))/(2*(14 + 3*21^(1/2))), (9 + 2*21^(1/2))/(14 + 3*21^(1/2)), (23 + 5*21^(1/2))/(2*(14 + 3*21^(1/2))), 1}}] ;[o] 13 + 3 Sqrt[21] 9 + 2 Sqrt[21] ------------------- --------------- 2 (14 + 3 Sqrt[21]) 14 + 3 Sqrt[21] 23 + 5 Sqrt[21] ------------------- 2 (14 + 3 Sqrt[21]) 1 :[font = input; initialization; preserveAspect] *) Diagonalizable (4 linearly independent eigenvectors). (* :[font = input; initialization; preserveAspect; startGroup] *) P=Transpose[Join[ES[1],ES[2],ES[3]]] (* :[font = output; output; inactive; preserveAspect; endGroup] MatrixForm[{{2, 1, (-13 + 3*21^(1/2))/ (2*(-14 + 3*21^(1/2))), (13 + 3*21^(1/2))/(2*(14 + 3*21^(1/2)))}, {-3, -2, (-9 + 2*21^(1/2))/(-14 + 3*21^(1/2)), (9 + 2*21^(1/2))/(14 + 3*21^(1/2))}, {0, 1, (-23 + 5*21^(1/2))/(2*(-14 + 3*21^(1/2))), (23 + 5*21^(1/2))/(2*(14 + 3*21^(1/2)))}, {1, 0, 1, 1}}] ;[o] 2 1 -13 + 3 Sqrt[21] 13 + 3 Sqrt[21] -------------------- ------------------- 2 (-14 + 3 Sqrt[21]) 2 (14 + 3 Sqrt[21]) -3 -2 -9 + 2 Sqrt[21] 9 + 2 Sqrt[21] ---------------- --------------- -14 + 3 Sqrt[21] 14 + 3 Sqrt[21] 0 1 -23 + 5 Sqrt[21] 23 + 5 Sqrt[21] -------------------- ------------------- 2 (-14 + 3 Sqrt[21]) 2 (14 + 3 Sqrt[21]) 1 0 1 1 :[font = input; initialization; preserveAspect] *) Result check: (* :[font = input; initialization; preserveAspect; startGroup] *) Together[Inverse[P].A.P] (* :[font = output; output; inactive; preserveAspect; endGroup] MatrixForm[{{0, 0, 0, 0}, {0, 0, 0, 0}, {0, 0, (2*(-21 + 4*21^(1/2)))/21^(1/2), 0}, {0, 0, 0, (2*(21 + 4*21^(1/2)))/21^(1/2)}}] ;[o] 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 (-21 + 4 Sqrt[21]) -------------------- Sqrt[21] 0 0 0 2 (21 + 4 Sqrt[21]) ------------------- 0 Sqrt[21] :[font = input; initialization; preserveAspect] *) Exercise 3.2.5 (* :[font = input; initialization; preserveAspect; startGroup] *) A=Table[i+j,{i,4},{j,4}] (* :[font = output; output; inactive; preserveAspect; endGroup] MatrixForm[{{2, 3, 4, 5}, {3, 4, 5, 6}, {4, 5, 6, 7}, {5, 6, 7, 8}}] ;[o] 2 3 4 5 3 4 5 6 4 5 6 7 5 6 7 8 :[font = input; initialization; preserveAspect] *) Note that Min[i,j]+Max[i,j]=i+j. (* :[font = input; initialization; preserveAspect; startGroup] *) lambda=x/.Solve[Det[x*IdentityMatrix[4]-A]==0,x] (* :[font = output; output; inactive; preserveAspect; endGroup] {0, 0, (20 - 4*30^(1/2))/2, (20 + 4*30^(1/2))/2} ;[o] 20 - 4 Sqrt[30] 20 + 4 Sqrt[30] {0, 0, ---------------, ---------------} 2 2 :[font = input; initialization; preserveAspect; startGroup] *) ES[1]=NullSpace[lambda[[1]]IdentityMatrix[4]-A] (* :[font = output; output; inactive; preserveAspect; endGroup] MatrixForm[{{2, -3, 0, 1}, {1, -2, 1, 0}}] ;[o] 2 -3 0 1 1 -2 1 0 :[font = input; initialization; preserveAspect; startGroup] *) ES[2]=Together[NullSpace[lambda[[3]]IdentityMatrix[4]-A]] (* :[font = output; output; inactive; preserveAspect; endGroup] MatrixForm[{{(-145 + 27*30^(1/2))/(-265 + 48*30^(1/2)), (-185 + 34*30^(1/2))/(-265 + 48*30^(1/2)), (-225 + 41*30^(1/2))/(-265 + 48*30^(1/2)), 1}}] ;[o] -145 + 27 Sqrt[30] -185 + 34 Sqrt[30] ------------------ ------------------ -265 + 48 Sqrt[30] -265 + 48 Sqrt[30] -225 + 41 Sqrt[30] ------------------ -265 + 48 Sqrt[30] 1 :[font = input; initialization; preserveAspect; startGroup] *) ES[3]=Together[NullSpace[lambda[[4]]IdentityMatrix[4]-A]] (* :[font = output; output; inactive; preserveAspect; endGroup] MatrixForm[{{(145 + 27*30^(1/2))/(265 + 48*30^(1/2)), (185 + 34*30^(1/2))/(265 + 48*30^(1/2)), (225 + 41*30^(1/2))/(265 + 48*30^(1/2)), 1}}] ;[o] 145 + 27 Sqrt[30] 185 + 34 Sqrt[30] 225 + 41 Sqrt[30] ----------------- ----------------- ----------------- 265 + 48 Sqrt[30] 265 + 48 Sqrt[30] 265 + 48 Sqrt[30] 1 :[font = input; initialization; preserveAspect] *) Diagonalizable (4 linearly independent eigenvectors). (* :[font = input; initialization; preserveAspect; startGroup] *) P=Transpose[Join[ES[1],ES[2],ES[3]]] (* :[font = output; output; inactive; preserveAspect; endGroup] MatrixForm[{{2, 1, (-145 + 27*30^(1/2))/ (-265 + 48*30^(1/2)), (145 + 27*30^(1/2))/(265 + 48*30^(1/2))}, {-3, -2, (-185 + 34*30^(1/2))/(-265 + 48*30^(1/2)), (185 + 34*30^(1/2))/(265 + 48*30^(1/2))}, {0, 1, (-225 + 41*30^(1/2))/(-265 + 48*30^(1/2)), (225 + 41*30^(1/2))/(265 + 48*30^(1/2))}, {1, 0, 1, 1}}] ;[o] 2 1 -145 + 27 Sqrt[30] 145 + 27 Sqrt[30] ------------------ ----------------- -265 + 48 Sqrt[30] 265 + 48 Sqrt[30] -3 -2 -185 + 34 Sqrt[30] 185 + 34 Sqrt[30] ------------------ ----------------- -265 + 48 Sqrt[30] 265 + 48 Sqrt[30] 0 1 -225 + 41 Sqrt[30] 225 + 41 Sqrt[30] ------------------ ----------------- -265 + 48 Sqrt[30] 265 + 48 Sqrt[30] 1 0 1 1 :[font = input; initialization; preserveAspect] *) Result check: (* :[font = input; initialization; preserveAspect; startGroup] *) Together[Inverse[P].A.P] (* :[font = output; output; inactive; preserveAspect; endGroup] MatrixForm[{{0, 0, 0, 0}, {0, 0, 0, 0}, {0, 0, (10/3)^(1/2)*(-6 + 30^(1/2)), 0}, {0, 0, 0, (10/3)^(1/2)*(6 + 30^(1/2))}}] ;[o] 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 10 Sqrt[--] (-6 + Sqrt[30]) 3 0 0 0 10 Sqrt[--] (6 + Sqrt[30]) 0 3 ^*)