\makeatletter 
\voffset=-.20in
\hoffset=0.00in
\oddsidemargin 0.54in \evensidemargin 0.54in 
\marginparwidth 40pt \marginparsep 10pt
\topmargin 0pt \headsep .30in
\footskip 44pt
\newlength{\tw} \setlength{\tw}{6in}
\newlength{\th} \setlength{\th}{8.3in plus 0.50in}
\newlength{\li} \setlength{\li}{12pt}
\newlength{\si} \setlength{\si}{.4in}  
\setlength{\parindent}{\si}
\textheight \th \textwidth \tw
\brokenpenalty=10000

\setlength{\parindent}{\si}
\newcommand{\singlespace}{\baselineskip 1.0\li}
\newcommand{\doublespace}{\baselineskip 2.0\li}

\newcommand{\setsty}{	\setlength{\parindent}{\si}
			\setlength{\parsep}{0pt}
			\setlength{\topsep}{0pt}
			\setlength{\parskip}{0pt}
			\setlength{\partopsep}{0pt}
			\setlength{\itemsep}{0pt}
			\setlength{\abovedisplayskip}{0pt}
			\setlength{\belowdisplayskip}{0pt}
			\setlength{\abovedisplayshortskip}{0pt}
			\setlength{\belowdisplayshortskip}{0pt} 
			\setcounter{topnumber}{3}
			\setcounter{bottomnumber}{2}
			\setlength{\floatsep}{3\li}
			\setlength{\textfloatsep}{3\li}
			\setlength{\intextsep}{2\li} 
			\renewcommand{\arraystretch}{1.65}
			\renewcommand{\topfraction}{1.0}
			\renewcommand{\bottomfraction}{1.0}
 	 		\renewcommand{\textfraction}{0} }

\newcommand{\biblio}[1]{
   \newpage
   \addtocontents{toc}{\protect\vspace{\li}}
   \addcontentsline{toc}{head}{REFERENCES}
   \normalsize\singlespace
   \bibliography{#1}
}



\def\cl@chapter{\@elt{section}\@elt{footnote}}
\def\thefigure{\@arabic\c@figure}
\def\thetable{\@arabic\c@table}
\def\theequation{\arabic{chapter}.\arabic{equation}}

\newtoks\@stequation
\def\subequations{\refstepcounter{equation}%
  \edef\@savedequation{\the\c@equation}%
  \@stequation=\expandafter{\theequation}%   %only want \theequation
  \edef\@savedtheequation{\the\@stequation}% %expanded once
  \edef\oldtheequation{\theequation}%
  \setcounter{equation}{0}%
  \def\theequation{\oldtheequation\alph{equation}}}%


\def\endsubequations{%
  \setcounter{equation}{\@savedequation}%
  \@stequation=\expandafter{\@savedtheequation}%
  \edef\theequation{\the\@stequation}\global\@ignoretrue}
\def\dfrac#1#2{{\displaystyle {#1 \over #2}}}%
\def\dint{\mathop{\displaystyle \int}}%
\def\dsum{\mathop{\displaystyle \sum}}%

%%%----------------------------










\def\@xfloat#1[#2]{\ifhmode \@bsphack\@floatpenalty -\@Mii\else
   \@floatpenalty-\@Miii\fi\def\@captype{#1}\ifinner
      \@parmoderr\@floatpenalty\z@
    \else\@next\@currbox\@freelist{\@tempcnta\csname ftype@#1\endcsname
       \multiply\@tempcnta\@xxxii\advance\@tempcnta\sixt@@n
       \@tfor \@tempa :=#2\do
                        {\if\@tempa h\advance\@tempcnta \@ne\fi
                         \if\@tempa t\advance\@tempcnta \tw@\fi
                         \if\@tempa b\advance\@tempcnta 4\relax\fi
                         \if\@tempa p\advance\@tempcnta 8\relax\fi
         }\global\count\@currbox\@tempcnta}\@fltovf\fi
    \global\setbox\@currbox\vbox\bgroup 
    \def\baselinestretch{1}\@normalsize
    \boxmaxdepth\z@
    \hsize\columnwidth \@parboxrestore} 

\newcommand{\Chapter}[1]{\def\thechapter{\Roman{chapter}}
                        \chapter{#1}
			\thispagestyle{myheadings}
                        \addtocontents{toc}{\protect\vspace{0\li}}
                        \addtocontents{toc}{\protect\vspace{1\li}}}

\renewcommand{\@chapapp}{CHAPTER}
\renewcommand{\@makechapterhead}[1]
	{\null\vskip .45in 
 	\begin{center}
%		{\normalsize 
		{\normalsize \bf
		\ifnum \c@secnumdepth >\m@ne 
		       \@chapapp~\thechapter \vskip .6ex \fi
		\uppercase{#1} \vskip 2\li}
	\end{center} 
        \def\thechapter{\arabic{chapter}}
	\setsty}

\renewcommand{\@makeschapterhead}[1]
	{\null\vskip .55in 
 	\begin{center}
		{\normalsize \bf \uppercase{#1 \vskip 3\li}}
	\end{center} 
	\setsty}

\setcounter{secnumdepth}{3}

\renewcommand{\section}{\vspace*{1\li}\@startsection{section}{1}{\z@}
		{0\li} {1pt} {\center \normalsize \bf}}
\renewcommand{\subsection} {\@startsection{subsection}{2}{\z@}
		{1\li} {1pt} {\center \normalsize \rm}}
\renewcommand{\subsubsection}{\@startsection{subsubsection}{3}{\z@}
		{1\li} {1pt} {\center \normalsize \rm}}
\renewcommand{\paragraph}{\@startsection{paragraph}{4}{\z@}
		{1\li} {1pt} {\normalsize \em}}
\renewcommand{\subparagraph}{\@startsection{subparagraph}{4}{\z@}
		{1\li} {1pt} {\normalsize \rm}}

\renewcommand{\appendix}{\par \setcounter{chapter}{0} \setcounter{section}{0}
 		\def\@chapapp{APPENDIX}\def\thechapter{\Alph{chapter}}}

\renewcommand{\tableofcontents} {\chapter*{TABLE OF CONTENTS}
				\pagestyle{plain}\@starttoc{toc}}
\renewcommand{\listoftables} {\chapter*{LIST OF TABLES}\@starttoc{lot}}
\renewcommand{\listoffigures} {\chapter*{LIST OF FIGURES}\@starttoc{lof}}
\newcommand{\l@head}            {\@dottedtocline{0}{0.0em}{1.5em}}
\renewcommand{\l@chapter}       {\rule[0pt]{0em}{0pt}
				 \@dottedtocline{0}{2.0em}{1.5em}}
\renewcommand{\l@section}       {\@dottedtocline{1}{3.5em}{2.3em}}
\renewcommand{\l@subsection}    {\@dottedtocline{2}{5.8em}{3.2em}}
\renewcommand{\l@subsubsection} {\@dottedtocline{3}{9.0em}{4.1em}}
\renewcommand{\l@paragraph}     {\@dottedtocline{4}{11em}{5em}}
\renewcommand{\l@subparagraph}  {\@dottedtocline{5}{13em}{6em}}
 
\renewcommand{\ps@myheadings} 	{\let\@mkboth\@gobbletwo
	\def\@oddhead{\hfil \rm\thepage}
	\def\@oddfoot{}
	\def\@evenhead{\rm \thepage\hfil}
	\def\@evenfoot{}
	\def\sectionmark##1{}\def\subsectionmark##1{}}

\def\thebibliography#1{\chapter*{References\markboth
  {REFERENCES}{REFERENCES}}\list
  {[\arabic{enumi}]}{\settowidth\labelwidth{[#1]}
    \thispagestyle{myheadings}
    \leftmargin\labelwidth
    \raggedbottom
    \advance\leftmargin\labelsep
    \usecounter{enumi}}
    \itemsep 7pt
    \def\newblock{\hskip .11em plus .33em minus -.07em}
    \sfcode`\.=1000\relax}

\vskip 1.0em plus 1pt 
\def\dept#1{\gdef\@dept{#1}}
\def\advisor{\gdef\@advisor}
\def\submitdate#1{\gdef\@submitdate{#1}}
\def\copyrightyear#1{\gdef\@copyrightyear{#1}} 
\def\@title{}
\def\@author{}
\def\@dept{}
\def\@submitdate{\ifcase\the\month\or
  January\or February\or March\or April\or May\or June\or
  July\or August\or September\or October\or November\or December\fi
  \space \number\the\year}
\ifnum\month=12
    \@tempcnta=\year \advance\@tempcnta by 1
    \edef\@copyrightyear{\number\the\@tempcnta}
\else
    \def\@copyrightyear{\number\the\year}
\fi

\newif\ifabtitlepg	\abtitlepgtrue
\newif\ifabstractpg	\abstractpgtrue
\newif\iftitlepg 	\titlepgtrue
\newif\ifsignaturepage	\signaturepagetrue
\newif\ifcopyright	\copyrighttrue 
\newif\ifdedication	\dedicationfalse
\newif\ifack      	\acktrue     
\newif\iftablecontents  \tablecontentstrue 
\newif\iffigurespage	\figurespagetrue 
\newif\iftablespage	\tablespagetrue

\def\abtitlepg{%
	\thispagestyle{empty}%
	\singlespace
        \null\vskip1.25in%
	\begin{center}
		{\normalsize\uppercase\expandafter{\@title}}
	\end{center}
	\vfill
	\begin{center}
	   \rm 	by\\
                \vskip \li
		\singlespace
		\@author
	\end{center}
	\vfill
	\begin{center}
           {\rm	\underline{An Abstract}\\
                \vskip \li 
   	        Of a thesis submitted in partial fulfillment of the\\
                requirements for the Doctor of Philosophy\\
                degree in {\@dept} in the\\
                Graduate College of The\\
                University of Iowa}
	\end{center}
	\vskip 2\li
	\begin{center}
          \rm \@submitdate 
	\end{center}
	\vskip 2\li 
	\begin{center}
          \rm Thesis supervisor: \@advisor
	\end{center}
        %\vskip.5in
}



\def\abstractpg{
	\pagestyle{empty}
        \newpage
        \markboth{\thepage}{\thepage}
	\doublespace
	\prefacesection{Abstract}
	\abstracttext  
        %\vfill    
	%I replaced this by vskip to put approval closer to end of abstract.
	\vskip 6\li  %6 may be changed to adjust spacing.
        \singlespace
        \hspace*{1.5in}  Abstract approved:  \hrulefill
        \newline\hspace*{3.35in} \raisebox{6.8mm}{Thesis supervisor}
        \newline\hspace*{3.35in} \hrulefill 
        \newline\hspace*{3.35in} \raisebox{6.8mm}{Title and department }
        \newline\hspace*{3.35in} \hrulefill 
        \newline\hspace*{3.35in} \raisebox{6.8mm}{Date}
	}


\def\titlepg{%
	\newpage
	\thispagestyle{empty}%
	\singlespace
        \null\vskip1.25in%
	\begin{center}
		{\normalsize\uppercase\expandafter{\@title}}
	\end{center}
	\vfill
	\begin{center}
	   \rm 	by\\
                \vskip \li
		\singlespace
		\@author\\
	\end{center}
	\vfill
	\begin{center}
           {\rm	
                \vskip \li 
   	        A thesis submitted in partial fulfillment of the\\
                requirements for the Doctor of Philosophy\\
                degree in {\@dept} in the\\
                Graduate College of The\\
                University of Iowa}
	\end{center}
	\vskip 2\li
	\begin{center}
          \rm \@submitdate \\
	\end{center}
	\vskip 2\li 
	\begin{center}
          \rm Thesis supervisor: \@advisor\\
	\end{center}
        \vskip.5in}

\def\copyrightpage{%
	\newpage
	\thispagestyle{empty}
	\null\vfill
	\begin{center}
		{\normalsize Copyright by\\ \vskip 1pt  
		{\normalsize\uppercase\expandafter{\@author}}\\ \vskip 1 pt
		1992\\ \vskip 1pt
                All Rights Reserved}
	\end{center}
	\vskip 1.0in
	\vfill}


\def\signaturepage{%
	\newpage
	\null%
	\thispagestyle{empty}%
	\begin{center}
           \singlespace
           \rm	Graduate College\\
 		The University of Iowa\\
		Iowa City, Iowa\\
                \vfill
		CERTIFICATE OF APPROVAL\\
          	\vfill
		\rule{2.4in}{0.4pt}
          	\vfill
		PH.D. THESIS
          	\vfill
		\rule{1.1in}{0.4pt}
	\end{center}
        \vfill
        \hspace*{1.535in} This is to certify that the Ph.D. thesis of 
      	\vspace*{4ex}
	\begin{center}
		\@author  
	\end{center}
       	\vspace*{4ex}
        \singlespace
        \hspace*{1.54in} has been approved by the Examining Committee  \\
        \hspace*{1.54in} for the thesis requirement for the Doctor of  \\
        \hspace*{1.54in} Philosophy degree in {\@dept} at the {\@submitdate}\\
        \hspace*{1.54in} graduation. 
        \vfill
        \hspace*{1.41in} Thesis committee:  \hrulefill
        \newline\hspace*{3.2in} \raisebox{6.8mm}{Thesis supervisor}
        \newline\hspace*{3.2in} \hrulefill 
        \newline\hspace*{3.2in} \raisebox{6.8mm}{Member}
        \newline\hspace*{3.2in} \hrulefill 
        \newline\hspace*{3.2in} \raisebox{6.8mm}{Member}
        \newline\hspace*{3.2in} \hrulefill 
        \newline\hspace*{3.2in} \raisebox{6.8mm}{Member}
        \newline\hspace*{3.2in} \hrulefill 
        \newline\hspace*{3.2in} \raisebox{6.8mm}{Member}
        }

\def\dedicationpage{
	\newpage
	\pagestyle{plain}
	\singlespace
	\vspace*{\fill}
	\begin{quote}
	\begin{quote}
	\dedication
	\end{quote}
	\end{quote}
	\vspace*{\fill}
	}

\def\ackpage{
	\setcounter{page}{2}
       	\pagenumbering{roman}
	\newpage
	\thispagestyle{plain}
	\doublespace
        \prefacesection{Acknowledgements}
	\indent
	\acknowledgement
        }

\def\beforepreface{
	%\raggedright
	\raggedbottom
	\ifabtitlepg\abtitlepg\fi
	\ifabstractpg\abstractpg\fi
	\ifcopyright\copyrightpage\fi
	\ifsignaturepage\signaturepage\fi
	\iftitlepg\titlepg\fi
	\doublespace
	\ifdedication\dedicationpage\fi
	\ifack\ackpage\fi
        }

\def\prefacesection#1{%
	{\setsty
	\null\vskip .45in 
 	\begin{center}
		{\normalsize \bf \uppercase{#1 \vskip 2\li}}
	\end{center}}
	\setsty}

\def\afterpreface{\newpage
	\singlespace
	%\raggedright
	\raggedbottom
	\iftablecontents\tableofcontents\fi
        \addtocontents{toc}{\protect\vspace{-\li}} 
        \addtocontents{toc}{\protect\vspace{-\li}} 
	\addtocontents{toc}{\hfill Page}
        \addtocontents{toc}{\protect\vspace{\li}}
	\newpage
	\iftablespage
		{\addvspace{10pt}
		\let\saveaddvspace=\addvspace
		\def\addvspace##1{}
		\addcontentsline{toc}{head}{LIST OF TABLES}
                \addtocontents{toc}{\protect\vspace{\li}}
			%puts blank line between LIST OF TABLES and LIST OF 
			%FIGURES in toc; use it if there is a lof
                \addtocontents{lot}{\protect\vspace{-\li}}
                \addtocontents{lot}{\protect\vspace{-\li}}
			%added to take out extra blank lines after heading in lot
       		\addtocontents{lot}{Table \hfill Page}
                \addtocontents{lot}{\protect\vspace{\li}}

		\listoftables
		\let\addvspace=\saveaddvspace}
		\newpage
	\fi
	\iffigurespage
		{\addvspace{10pt}
		\let\saveaddvspace=\addvspace
		\def\addvspace##1{}
		\addcontentsline{toc}{head}{\uppercase {LIST OF FIGURES}}
        	%\addtocontents{toc}{\protect\vspace{\li}}

                \addtocontents{lof}{\protect\vspace{-\li}}
                \addtocontents{lof}{\protect\vspace{-\li}}
			%added to take out extra blank lines after heading in lof
                \addtocontents{lof}{Figure \hfill Page}
                \addtocontents{lof}{\protect\vspace{\li}}

		\listoffigures
	% The next three lines put the heading "CHAPTER" before the
	% list of chapters in the toc.  If there is not a lof, they need
	% to be moved to the corresponding position in lot above.
        \addtocontents{toc}{\protect\vspace{\li}}
		\addtocontents{toc}{\hspace{-32pt} CHAPTER}
        \addtocontents{toc}{\protect\vspace{\li}}
		\let\addvspace=\saveaddvspace}
		\newpage
	\fi
	\pagenumbering{arabic}
	\markboth{\thepage}{\thepage}
	\pagestyle{myheadings}
	%\raggedright
	\raggedbottom
	\doublespace
        }

\makeatother


%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
%   The following flags have their default ``true''
%
%  	    \abtitlepg
%	    \abstractpg
%	    \titlepg
%	    \signaturepage
%	    \copyright
%	    \dedication
%	    \ack
%	    \tablecontents
%	    \figurespage
%	    \tablespage
%
%  If you don't want them or you don't have them, set the
%  related flag to false to avoid it.
%  For instance, you may use \abtitlepgfalse to eliminate
%  the page of abstract title.
%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%